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chicken c. difficile binary toxin subunit b capture and detection antibodies  (MyBiosource Biotechnology)
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MyBiosource Biotechnology chicken c. difficile binary toxin subunit b capture and detection antibodies
Toxin release occurs independently of cell lysis in C. difficile strains VPI10463 and UK1 (A) Schematic representation of the tcdE genetic environment and tcdE deletion (Δ tcdE ). (B) TcdA titers in extracellular and intracellular fractions of 630Δ erm , VPI10463 and UK1 strains after 12 and 24 h of growth. The strains were grown in TY medium and TcdA was quantified using <t>TcdA-ELISA.</t> Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.001 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA. (C) Growth curves of VPI10463 and UK1 strains, and their respective Δ tcdE mutants in TY medium. Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. (D) Ratio of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatants (extracellular fraction) and the cell lysates (intracellular fraction) of VPI10463 and UK1 strains and their respective Δ tcdE mutants used as an indicator of autolysis. LDH activity was measured using the CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay (Promega). Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗ p ≤ 0.01 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a two-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Extracellular and intracellular LDH activity values used to determine the ratio of LDH are presented in . Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA.
Chicken C. Difficile Binary Toxin Subunit B Capture And Detection Antibodies, supplied by MyBiosource Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/capture+and+detection+antibodies/pmc12150058-237-2-15?v=MyBiosource+Biotechnology
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
chicken c. difficile binary toxin subunit b capture and detection antibodies - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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candidate pair prosci rf16062 lsbio ls c133566 100 capture detection  (ProSci Incorporated)
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ProSci Incorporated candidate pair prosci rf16062 lsbio ls c133566 100 capture detection
Toxin release occurs independently of cell lysis in C. difficile strains VPI10463 and UK1 (A) Schematic representation of the tcdE genetic environment and tcdE deletion (Δ tcdE ). (B) TcdA titers in extracellular and intracellular fractions of 630Δ erm , VPI10463 and UK1 strains after 12 and 24 h of growth. The strains were grown in TY medium and TcdA was quantified using <t>TcdA-ELISA.</t> Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.001 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA. (C) Growth curves of VPI10463 and UK1 strains, and their respective Δ tcdE mutants in TY medium. Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. (D) Ratio of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatants (extracellular fraction) and the cell lysates (intracellular fraction) of VPI10463 and UK1 strains and their respective Δ tcdE mutants used as an indicator of autolysis. LDH activity was measured using the CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay (Promega). Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗ p ≤ 0.01 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a two-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Extracellular and intracellular LDH activity values used to determine the ratio of LDH are presented in . Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA.
Candidate Pair Prosci Rf16062 Lsbio Ls C133566 100 Capture Detection, supplied by ProSci Incorporated, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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candidate pair prosci rf16062 lsbio ls c133566 100 capture detection - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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anti-ca-125 detection and capture monoclonal antibodies anti-ca-125 × 306  (LuBioScience GmbH)
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LuBioScience GmbH anti-ca-125 detection and capture monoclonal antibodies anti-ca-125 × 306
Toxin release occurs independently of cell lysis in C. difficile strains VPI10463 and UK1 (A) Schematic representation of the tcdE genetic environment and tcdE deletion (Δ tcdE ). (B) TcdA titers in extracellular and intracellular fractions of 630Δ erm , VPI10463 and UK1 strains after 12 and 24 h of growth. The strains were grown in TY medium and TcdA was quantified using <t>TcdA-ELISA.</t> Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.001 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA. (C) Growth curves of VPI10463 and UK1 strains, and their respective Δ tcdE mutants in TY medium. Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. (D) Ratio of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatants (extracellular fraction) and the cell lysates (intracellular fraction) of VPI10463 and UK1 strains and their respective Δ tcdE mutants used as an indicator of autolysis. LDH activity was measured using the CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay (Promega). Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗ p ≤ 0.01 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a two-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Extracellular and intracellular LDH activity values used to determine the ratio of LDH are presented in . Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA.
Anti Ca 125 Detection And Capture Monoclonal Antibodies Anti Ca 125 × 306, supplied by LuBioScience GmbH, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/capture+and+detection+antibodies/pm40411388-252-0-16?v=LuBioScience+GmbH
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anti-ca-125 detection and capture monoclonal antibodies anti-ca-125 × 306 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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capture and biotinylated detection antibodies specific for il-13  (Thermo Fisher)
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Thermo Fisher capture and biotinylated detection antibodies specific for il-13
Toxin release occurs independently of cell lysis in C. difficile strains VPI10463 and UK1 (A) Schematic representation of the tcdE genetic environment and tcdE deletion (Δ tcdE ). (B) TcdA titers in extracellular and intracellular fractions of 630Δ erm , VPI10463 and UK1 strains after 12 and 24 h of growth. The strains were grown in TY medium and TcdA was quantified using <t>TcdA-ELISA.</t> Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.001 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA. (C) Growth curves of VPI10463 and UK1 strains, and their respective Δ tcdE mutants in TY medium. Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. (D) Ratio of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatants (extracellular fraction) and the cell lysates (intracellular fraction) of VPI10463 and UK1 strains and their respective Δ tcdE mutants used as an indicator of autolysis. LDH activity was measured using the CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay (Promega). Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗ p ≤ 0.01 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a two-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Extracellular and intracellular LDH activity values used to determine the ratio of LDH are presented in . Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA.
Capture And Biotinylated Detection Antibodies Specific For Il 13, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/capture+and+detection+antibodies/pm39933361-78-7-13?v=Thermo+Fisher
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capture and biotinylated detection antibodies specific for il-13 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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antibody pairs and recombinant ag paired antibodies mbs569238 for capture and mbs569240 for detection  (MyBiosource Biotechnology)
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MyBiosource Biotechnology antibody pairs and recombinant ag paired antibodies mbs569238 for capture and mbs569240 for detection
Toxin release occurs independently of cell lysis in C. difficile strains VPI10463 and UK1 (A) Schematic representation of the tcdE genetic environment and tcdE deletion (Δ tcdE ). (B) TcdA titers in extracellular and intracellular fractions of 630Δ erm , VPI10463 and UK1 strains after 12 and 24 h of growth. The strains were grown in TY medium and TcdA was quantified using <t>TcdA-ELISA.</t> Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.001 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA. (C) Growth curves of VPI10463 and UK1 strains, and their respective Δ tcdE mutants in TY medium. Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. (D) Ratio of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatants (extracellular fraction) and the cell lysates (intracellular fraction) of VPI10463 and UK1 strains and their respective Δ tcdE mutants used as an indicator of autolysis. LDH activity was measured using the CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay (Promega). Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗ p ≤ 0.01 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a two-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Extracellular and intracellular LDH activity values used to determine the ratio of LDH are presented in . Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA.
Antibody Pairs And Recombinant Ag Paired Antibodies Mbs569238 For Capture And Mbs569240 For Detection, supplied by MyBiosource Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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antibody pairs and recombinant ag paired antibodies mbs569238 for capture and mbs569240 for detection - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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capture and detecting antibodies for measuring mouse il-10, il-12, and tnfα  (Thermo Fisher)
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Thermo Fisher capture and detecting antibodies for measuring mouse il-10, il-12, and tnfα
Toxin release occurs independently of cell lysis in C. difficile strains VPI10463 and UK1 (A) Schematic representation of the tcdE genetic environment and tcdE deletion (Δ tcdE ). (B) TcdA titers in extracellular and intracellular fractions of 630Δ erm , VPI10463 and UK1 strains after 12 and 24 h of growth. The strains were grown in TY medium and TcdA was quantified using <t>TcdA-ELISA.</t> Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.001 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA. (C) Growth curves of VPI10463 and UK1 strains, and their respective Δ tcdE mutants in TY medium. Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. (D) Ratio of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatants (extracellular fraction) and the cell lysates (intracellular fraction) of VPI10463 and UK1 strains and their respective Δ tcdE mutants used as an indicator of autolysis. LDH activity was measured using the CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay (Promega). Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗ p ≤ 0.01 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a two-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Extracellular and intracellular LDH activity values used to determine the ratio of LDH are presented in . Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA.
Capture And Detecting Antibodies For Measuring Mouse Il 10, Il 12, And Tnfα, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/capture+and+detection+antibodies/pm40305159-112-8-20?v=Thermo+Fisher
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capture and detecting antibodies for measuring mouse il-10, il-12, and tnfα - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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commercially available capture and detection antibodies and standard proteins  (EDI GmbH)
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EDI GmbH commercially available capture and detection antibodies and standard proteins
Toxin release occurs independently of cell lysis in C. difficile strains VPI10463 and UK1 (A) Schematic representation of the tcdE genetic environment and tcdE deletion (Δ tcdE ). (B) TcdA titers in extracellular and intracellular fractions of 630Δ erm , VPI10463 and UK1 strains after 12 and 24 h of growth. The strains were grown in TY medium and TcdA was quantified using <t>TcdA-ELISA.</t> Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.001 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA. (C) Growth curves of VPI10463 and UK1 strains, and their respective Δ tcdE mutants in TY medium. Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. (D) Ratio of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatants (extracellular fraction) and the cell lysates (intracellular fraction) of VPI10463 and UK1 strains and their respective Δ tcdE mutants used as an indicator of autolysis. LDH activity was measured using the CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay (Promega). Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗ p ≤ 0.01 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a two-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Extracellular and intracellular LDH activity values used to determine the ratio of LDH are presented in . Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA.
Commercially Available Capture And Detection Antibodies And Standard Proteins, supplied by EDI GmbH, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/capture+and+detection+antibodies/pm40305313-60-14-20?v=EDI+GmbH
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
commercially available capture and detection antibodies and standard proteins - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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biotinylated capture and sulfo-tagged detection anti-ulbp6/2/5 antibodies  (23andMe)
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23andMe biotinylated capture and sulfo-tagged detection anti-ulbp6/2/5 antibodies
Toxin release occurs independently of cell lysis in C. difficile strains VPI10463 and UK1 (A) Schematic representation of the tcdE genetic environment and tcdE deletion (Δ tcdE ). (B) TcdA titers in extracellular and intracellular fractions of 630Δ erm , VPI10463 and UK1 strains after 12 and 24 h of growth. The strains were grown in TY medium and TcdA was quantified using <t>TcdA-ELISA.</t> Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.001 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA. (C) Growth curves of VPI10463 and UK1 strains, and their respective Δ tcdE mutants in TY medium. Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. (D) Ratio of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatants (extracellular fraction) and the cell lysates (intracellular fraction) of VPI10463 and UK1 strains and their respective Δ tcdE mutants used as an indicator of autolysis. LDH activity was measured using the CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay (Promega). Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗ p ≤ 0.01 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a two-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Extracellular and intracellular LDH activity values used to determine the ratio of LDH are presented in . Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA.
Biotinylated Capture And Sulfo Tagged Detection Anti Ulbp6/2/5 Antibodies, supplied by 23andMe, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/capture+and+detection+antibodies/10__1158_slash_2767___9764__crc___24___0478-72-4-11?v=23andMe
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biotinylated capture and sulfo-tagged detection anti-ulbp6/2/5 antibodies - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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elisa (antigen capture and antibody detection)  (Marburg GmbH)
90
Marburg GmbH elisa (antigen capture and antibody detection)
Toxin release occurs independently of cell lysis in C. difficile strains VPI10463 and UK1 (A) Schematic representation of the tcdE genetic environment and tcdE deletion (Δ tcdE ). (B) TcdA titers in extracellular and intracellular fractions of 630Δ erm , VPI10463 and UK1 strains after 12 and 24 h of growth. The strains were grown in TY medium and TcdA was quantified using <t>TcdA-ELISA.</t> Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.001 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA. (C) Growth curves of VPI10463 and UK1 strains, and their respective Δ tcdE mutants in TY medium. Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. (D) Ratio of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatants (extracellular fraction) and the cell lysates (intracellular fraction) of VPI10463 and UK1 strains and their respective Δ tcdE mutants used as an indicator of autolysis. LDH activity was measured using the CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay (Promega). Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗ p ≤ 0.01 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a two-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Extracellular and intracellular LDH activity values used to determine the ratio of LDH are presented in . Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA.
Elisa (Antigen Capture And Antibody Detection), supplied by Marburg GmbH, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/capture+and+detection+antibodies/pm39909347-48-53-53?v=Marburg+GmbH
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
elisa (antigen capture and antibody detection) - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06
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Toxin release occurs independently of cell lysis in C. difficile strains VPI10463 and UK1 (A) Schematic representation of the tcdE genetic environment and tcdE deletion (Δ tcdE ). (B) TcdA titers in extracellular and intracellular fractions of 630Δ erm , VPI10463 and UK1 strains after 12 and 24 h of growth. The strains were grown in TY medium and TcdA was quantified using TcdA-ELISA. Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.001 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA. (C) Growth curves of VPI10463 and UK1 strains, and their respective Δ tcdE mutants in TY medium. Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. (D) Ratio of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatants (extracellular fraction) and the cell lysates (intracellular fraction) of VPI10463 and UK1 strains and their respective Δ tcdE mutants used as an indicator of autolysis. LDH activity was measured using the CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay (Promega). Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗ p ≤ 0.01 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a two-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Extracellular and intracellular LDH activity values used to determine the ratio of LDH are presented in . Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA.

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Clostridioides difficile ’s virulence requires efficient holin-mediated toxin secretion

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.112586

Figure Lengend Snippet: Toxin release occurs independently of cell lysis in C. difficile strains VPI10463 and UK1 (A) Schematic representation of the tcdE genetic environment and tcdE deletion (Δ tcdE ). (B) TcdA titers in extracellular and intracellular fractions of 630Δ erm , VPI10463 and UK1 strains after 12 and 24 h of growth. The strains were grown in TY medium and TcdA was quantified using TcdA-ELISA. Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗ p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.001 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA. (C) Growth curves of VPI10463 and UK1 strains, and their respective Δ tcdE mutants in TY medium. Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. (D) Ratio of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatants (extracellular fraction) and the cell lysates (intracellular fraction) of VPI10463 and UK1 strains and their respective Δ tcdE mutants used as an indicator of autolysis. LDH activity was measured using the CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay (Promega). Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗ p ≤ 0.01 and ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a two-way ANOVA followed by a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. Extracellular and intracellular LDH activity values used to determine the ratio of LDH are presented in . Means and SD are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.0001 by a one-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: For the CDT ELISA, chicken C. difficile binary toxin subunit B capture and detection antibodies (MyBiosource) were used following the supplier’s instructions.

Techniques: Lysis, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Activity Assay, Cytotoxicity Assay, Comparison

TcdE mediates TcdA and TcdB release in VPI10463 and UK1 strains in vitro TcdA (A) and TcdB (B) titers in extracellular (left panel) and intracellular (right panel) fractions of VPI10463 and UK1 strains and their respective Δ tcdE mutants, after 8, 12 and 24 h of growth. Strains were grown in TY medium, and toxins were quantified using TcdA- and TcdB-ELISA. Means and SEM are shown; n = 5 independent experiments ∗∗ p < 0,01 by a Mann-Whitney test. Horizontal dotted line shows thresholds of detection. (C) Schematic representation of transcriptional fusions constructions. Transcriptional fusions of promoter regions of approximately 500 bp of tcdA , tcdB or tcdR genes fused to the reporter gene phoZ , were introduced by conjugation into the VPI10463 wild-type strain and the isogenic Δ tcdE mutants. (D) Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity of P tcdA : phoZ , P tcdB : phoZ , and P tcdR : phoZ fusions expressed from pMC358 in VPI10463 and VPI10463 Δ tcdE . Strains were grown in TY medium and samples assayed for AP activity were collected at 8 and 12h of growth. Means and SEM are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗ p ≤ 0.05 and ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.001 by an unpaired t test.

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Clostridioides difficile ’s virulence requires efficient holin-mediated toxin secretion

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.112586

Figure Lengend Snippet: TcdE mediates TcdA and TcdB release in VPI10463 and UK1 strains in vitro TcdA (A) and TcdB (B) titers in extracellular (left panel) and intracellular (right panel) fractions of VPI10463 and UK1 strains and their respective Δ tcdE mutants, after 8, 12 and 24 h of growth. Strains were grown in TY medium, and toxins were quantified using TcdA- and TcdB-ELISA. Means and SEM are shown; n = 5 independent experiments ∗∗ p < 0,01 by a Mann-Whitney test. Horizontal dotted line shows thresholds of detection. (C) Schematic representation of transcriptional fusions constructions. Transcriptional fusions of promoter regions of approximately 500 bp of tcdA , tcdB or tcdR genes fused to the reporter gene phoZ , were introduced by conjugation into the VPI10463 wild-type strain and the isogenic Δ tcdE mutants. (D) Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity of P tcdA : phoZ , P tcdB : phoZ , and P tcdR : phoZ fusions expressed from pMC358 in VPI10463 and VPI10463 Δ tcdE . Strains were grown in TY medium and samples assayed for AP activity were collected at 8 and 12h of growth. Means and SEM are shown; n = 3 independent experiments. ∗ p ≤ 0.05 and ∗∗∗ p ≤ 0.001 by an unpaired t test.

Article Snippet: For the CDT ELISA, chicken C. difficile binary toxin subunit B capture and detection antibodies (MyBiosource) were used following the supplier’s instructions.

Techniques: In Vitro, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, MANN-WHITNEY, Conjugation Assay, Activity Assay